Add tri

crates/renderer/src/lib.rs

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+use std::{ffi::CStr, sync::Arc};
+
+use ash::vk;
+use gfx_hal::{
+    device::Device, error::GfxHalError, queue::Queue, surface::Surface, swapchain::Swapchain,
+    swapchain::SwapchainConfig, sync::Fence, sync::Semaphore,
+};
+use gpu_allocator::{vulkan::Allocator, MemoryLocation};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use resource_manager::{ImageHandle, ResourceManager, ResourceManagerError};
+use thiserror::Error;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
+ // Assuming winit is used by the app
+
+// Re-export ash for convenience if needed elsewhere
+pub use ash;
+
+const MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT: usize = 2;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum RendererError {
+    #[error("Graphics HAL Error: {0}")]
+    GfxHal(#[from] GfxHalError),
+    #[error("Resource Manager Error: {0}")]
+    ResourceManager(#[from] ResourceManagerError),
+    #[error("Egui Ash Renderer Error: {0}")]
+    EguiRenderer(#[from] egui_ash_renderer::RendererError),
+    #[error("Vulkan Error: {0}")]
+    Vulkan(#[from] vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to create shader module: {0}")]
+    ShaderCreation(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to create pipeline layout: {0}")]
+    PipelineLayoutCreation(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to create graphics pipeline: {0}")]
+    PipelineCreation(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to create command pool: {0}")]
+    CommandPoolCreation(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to allocate command buffers: {0}")]
+    CommandBufferAllocation(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to begin command buffer: {0}")]
+    CommandBufferBegin(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Failed to end command buffer: {0}")]
+    CommandBufferEnd(vk::Result),
+    #[error("Swapchain acquisition failed")]
+    SwapchainAcquisitionFailed,
+    #[error("Swapchain is suboptimal")]
+    SwapchainSuboptimal,
+    #[error("Window reference is missing")] // If using raw-window-handle directly
+    MissingWindow,
+    #[error("Failed to get image info from resource manager")]
+    ImageInfoUnavailable,
+    #[error("Failed to get allocator from resource manager")]
+    AllocatorUnavailable, // Added based on egui requirement
+}
+
+struct FrameData {
+    command_pool: vk::CommandPool,
+    command_buffer: vk::CommandBuffer,
+    image_available_semaphore: Semaphore,
+    render_finished_semaphore: Semaphore,
+    in_flight_fence: Fence,
+}
+
+struct SwapchainSupportDetails {
+    capabilities: vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR,
+    formats: Vec<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR>,
+    present_modes: Vec<vk::PresentModeKHR>,
+}
+
+pub struct Renderer {
+    device: Arc<Device>,
+    graphics_queue: Arc<Queue>,
+    resource_manager: Arc<ResourceManager>,
+    allocator: Arc<Mutex<Allocator>>, // Need direct access for egui
+
+    surface: Arc<Surface>,        // Keep surface for recreation
+    swapchain: Option<Swapchain>, // Option<> because it's recreated
+    swapchain_image_views: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
+    swapchain_format: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
+    swapchain_extent: vk::Extent2D,
+
+    depth_image_handle: ImageHandle,
+    depth_image_view: vk::ImageView, // Store the view directly
+    depth_format: vk::Format,
+
+    triangle_pipeline_layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
+    triangle_pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
+
+    frames_data: Vec<FrameData>,
+    current_frame: usize,
+
+    // Window state tracking (needed for recreation)
+    window_resized: bool,
+    current_width: u32,
+    current_height: u32,
+}
+
+impl Renderer {
+    pub fn new(
+        instance: Arc<gfx_hal::instance::Instance>, // Needed for allocator
+        device: Arc<Device>,
+        graphics_queue: Arc<Queue>,
+        surface: Arc<Surface>,
+        resource_manager: Arc<ResourceManager>,
+        initial_width: u32,
+        initial_height: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Self, RendererError> {
+        info!("Initializing Renderer...");
+
+        let allocator = resource_manager.allocator();
+
+        let (swapchain, format, extent, image_views) = Self::create_swapchain_and_views(
+            &device,
+            &surface,
+            initial_width,
+            initial_height,
+            None, // No old swapchain initially
+        )?;
+
+        let depth_format = Self::find_depth_format(&instance, &device)?;
+        let (depth_image_handle, depth_image_view) =
+            Self::create_depth_resources(&device, &resource_manager, extent, depth_format)?;
+
+        let (triangle_pipeline_layout, triangle_pipeline) =
+            Self::create_triangle_pipeline(&device, format.format, depth_format)?;
+
+        let frames_data = Self::create_frame_data(&device)?;
+
+        info!("Renderer initialized successfully.");
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            device,
+            graphics_queue,
+            resource_manager,
+            allocator, // Store the allocator Arc
+            surface,
+            swapchain: Some(swapchain),
+            swapchain_image_views: image_views,
+            swapchain_format: format,
+            swapchain_extent: extent,
+            depth_image_handle,
+            depth_image_view,
+            depth_format,
+            triangle_pipeline_layout,
+            triangle_pipeline,
+            frames_data,
+            current_frame: 0,
+            window_resized: false,
+            current_width: initial_width,
+            current_height: initial_height,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) {
+        if width > 0 && height > 0 {
+            self.window_resized = true;
+            self.current_width = width;
+            self.current_height = height;
+            debug!("Window resize requested to {}x{}", width, height);
+        } else {
+            debug!("Ignoring resize to 0 dimensions");
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_frame(&mut self) -> Result<(), RendererError> {
+        // --- Handle Resize ---
+        if self.window_resized {
+            self.window_resized = false;
+            debug!("Executing resize...");
+            self.recreate_swapchain()?;
+            // Skip rendering this frame as swapchain is new
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // --- Wait for Previous Frame ---
+        let frame_index = self.current_frame;
+        let frame_data = &self.frames_data[frame_index];
+
+        frame_data.in_flight_fence.wait(None)?; // Wait indefinitely
+
+        // --- Acquire Swapchain Image ---
+        let (image_index, suboptimal) = unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe block for acquire_next_image
+            self.swapchain
+                .as_ref()
+                .ok_or(RendererError::SwapchainAcquisitionFailed)? // Should exist
+                .acquire_next_image(
+                    u64::MAX, // Timeout
+                    Some(&frame_data.image_available_semaphore),
+                    None, // Don't need a fence here
+                )?
+        };
+
+        if suboptimal {
+            warn!("Swapchain is suboptimal, scheduling recreation.");
+            self.window_resized = true; // Trigger recreation next frame
+                                        // Reset fence *before* returning, otherwise we deadlock next frame
+            frame_data.in_flight_fence.reset()?;
+            return Ok(()); // Skip rendering
+        }
+
+        // --- Reset Fence (only after successful acquisition) ---
+        frame_data.in_flight_fence.reset()?;
+
+        // --- Record Command Buffer ---
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .reset_command_pool(frame_data.command_pool, vk::CommandPoolResetFlags::empty())?;
+        }
+
+        let command_buffer = frame_data.command_buffer;
+        let cmd_begin_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::default()
+            .flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::ONE_TIME_SUBMIT);
+
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .begin_command_buffer(command_buffer, &cmd_begin_info)?;
+        }
+
+        // --- Dynamic Rendering Setup ---
+        let color_attachment = vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo::default()
+            .image_view(self.swapchain_image_views[image_index as usize])
+            .image_layout(vk::ImageLayout::ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL)
+            .load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
+            .store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
+            .clear_value(vk::ClearValue {
+                color: vk::ClearColorValue {
+                    float32: [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0],
+                },
+            });
+
+        let depth_attachment = vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo::default()
+            .image_view(self.depth_image_view)
+            .image_layout(vk::ImageLayout::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL)
+            .load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
+            .store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::DONT_CARE) // Or STORE if needed
+            .clear_value(vk::ClearValue {
+                depth_stencil: vk::ClearDepthStencilValue {
+                    depth: 1.0,
+                    stencil: 0,
+                },
+            });
+
+        let rendering_info = vk::RenderingInfo::default()
+            .render_area(vk::Rect2D {
+                offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
+                extent: self.swapchain_extent,
+            })
+            .layer_count(1)
+            .color_attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&color_attachment))
+            .depth_attachment(&depth_attachment);
+
+        // --- Begin Dynamic Rendering ---
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .cmd_begin_rendering(command_buffer, &rendering_info);
+        }
+
+        // --- Set Viewport & Scissor ---
+        let viewport = vk::Viewport {
+            x: 0.0,
+            y: 0.0,
+            width: self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
+            height: self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
+            min_depth: 0.0,
+            max_depth: 1.0,
+        };
+        let scissor = vk::Rect2D {
+            offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
+            extent: self.swapchain_extent,
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .cmd_set_viewport(command_buffer, 0, &[viewport]);
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .cmd_set_scissor(command_buffer, 0, &[scissor]);
+        }
+
+        // --- Draw Triangle ---
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device.raw().cmd_bind_pipeline(
+                command_buffer,
+                vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
+                self.triangle_pipeline,
+            );
+            // Draw 3 vertices, 1 instance, 0 first vertex, 0 first instance
+            self.device.raw().cmd_draw(command_buffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
+        }
+
+        // --- End Dynamic Rendering ---
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device.raw().cmd_end_rendering(command_buffer);
+        }
+
+        // --- End Command Buffer ---
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for Vulkan commands
+            self.device.raw().end_command_buffer(command_buffer)?;
+        }
+
+        // --- Submit Command Buffer ---
+        let wait_semaphores = [frame_data.image_available_semaphore.handle()];
+        let wait_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
+        let signal_semaphores = [frame_data.render_finished_semaphore.handle()];
+        let command_buffers = [command_buffer];
+
+        let submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo::default()
+            .wait_semaphores(&wait_semaphores)
+            .wait_dst_stage_mask(&wait_stages)
+            .command_buffers(&command_buffers)
+            .signal_semaphores(&signal_semaphores);
+
+        // assert_eq!(
+        //     self.graphics_queue.device().raw().handle(), // Device from Queue
+        //     self.device.raw().handle(),                  // Device stored in Renderer
+        //     "Device handle mismatch between Renderer and Graphics Queue!"
+        // );
+
+        unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for queue submit
+            self.graphics_queue.submit(
+                self.device.raw(),
+                &[submit_info],
+                Some(&frame_data.in_flight_fence),
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        // --- Present ---
+        let swapchains = [self.swapchain.as_ref().unwrap().handle()]; // Safe unwrap after acquire
+        let image_indices = [image_index];
+
+        let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::default()
+            .wait_semaphores(&signal_semaphores)
+            .swapchains(&swapchains)
+            .image_indices(&image_indices);
+
+        let suboptimal_present = unsafe {
+            // Need unsafe for queue_present
+            self.swapchain
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap() // Safe unwrap
+                .loader()
+                .queue_present(self.graphics_queue.handle(), &present_info)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    // Handle VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR specifically
+                    if e == vk::Result::ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR {
+                        RendererError::SwapchainSuboptimal
+                    } else {
+                        RendererError::Vulkan(e)
+                    }
+                })? // Returns true if suboptimal
+        };
+
+        if suboptimal_present {
+            warn!("Swapchain is suboptimal after present, scheduling recreation.");
+            self.window_resized = true; // Trigger recreation next frame
+        }
+
+        // --- Advance Frame Counter ---
+        self.current_frame = (self.current_frame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Swapchain Recreation ---
+    fn recreate_swapchain(&mut self) -> Result<(), RendererError> {
+        info!("Recreating swapchain...");
+        self.device.wait_idle()?; // Wait until device is idle
+
+        // 1. Cleanup old resources
+        self.cleanup_swapchain_resources(); // Destroys views, depth, old swapchain
+
+        // 2. Create new resources
+        let (new_swapchain, new_format, new_extent, new_image_views) =
+            Self::create_swapchain_and_views(
+                &self.device,
+                &self.surface,
+                self.current_width,
+                self.current_height,
+                self.swapchain.as_ref().map(|s| s.handle()), // Pass old handle
+            )?;
+
+        let (new_depth_handle, new_depth_view) = Self::create_depth_resources(
+            &self.device,
+            &self.resource_manager,
+            new_extent,
+            self.depth_format, // Keep the same depth format
+        )?;
+
+        // 3. Update Renderer state
+        self.swapchain = Some(new_swapchain);
+        self.swapchain_format = new_format;
+        self.swapchain_extent = new_extent;
+        self.swapchain_image_views = new_image_views;
+        self.depth_image_handle = new_depth_handle;
+        self.depth_image_view = new_depth_view;
+
+        // 4. Update Egui Renderer (if necessary, depends on its implementation)
+        // It might need the new extent or recreate internal resources.
+        // Assuming it handles extent changes via update_screen_descriptor called earlier.
+
+        info!(
+            "Swapchain recreated successfully ({}x{}).",
+            new_extent.width, new_extent.height
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Cleanup Swapchain Dependent Resources ---
+    fn cleanup_swapchain_resources(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Cleaning up swapchain resources...");
+        // Destroy depth buffer view
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .destroy_image_view(self.depth_image_view, None);
+        }
+        // Destroy depth buffer image via resource manager
+        if let Err(e) = self.resource_manager.destroy_image(self.depth_image_handle) {
+            error!("Failed to destroy depth image: {}", e);
+            // Continue cleanup even if this fails
+        }
+        // Drop the old swapchain object (RAII in gfx_hal::Swapchain handles vkDestroySwapchainKHR)
+        self.swapchain = None;
+        debug!("Swapchain resources cleaned up.");
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Create Swapchain ---
+    fn create_swapchain_and_views(
+        device: &Arc<Device>,
+        surface: &Arc<Surface>,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+        old_swapchain: Option<vk::SwapchainKHR>,
+    ) -> Result<
+        (
+            Swapchain,
+            vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
+            vk::Extent2D,
+            Vec<vk::ImageView>,
+        ),
+        RendererError,
+    > {
+        let details = Self::query_swapchain_support(device.physical_device_handle(), surface)?;
+
+        let surface_format = Self::choose_swapchain_format(&details.formats);
+        let present_mode = Self::choose_swapchain_present_mode(&details.present_modes);
+        let extent = Self::choose_swapchain_extent(&details.capabilities, width, height);
+
+        let mut image_count = details.capabilities.min_image_count + 1;
+        if details.capabilities.max_image_count > 0
+            && image_count > details.capabilities.max_image_count
+        {
+            image_count = details.capabilities.max_image_count;
+        }
+
+        let config = SwapchainConfig {
+            desired_format: surface_format,
+            desired_present_mode: present_mode,
+            desired_image_count: image_count,
+            extent,
+            image_usage: vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT,
+            pre_transform: details.capabilities.current_transform,
+            composite_alpha: vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE,
+        };
+
+        let swapchain =
+            unsafe { Swapchain::new(device.clone(), surface.clone(), config, old_swapchain)? };
+
+        // Create Image Views
+        let image_views = swapchain
+            .image_views() // Assuming Swapchain::new creates and stores these
+            .to_vec(); // Clone the slice into a Vec
+
+        // If Swapchain::new doesn't create views, we need to do it here:
+        /*
+        let images = swapchain.images()?; // Assuming this method exists
+        let mut image_views = Vec::with_capacity(images.len());
+        for &image in images.iter() {
+            let create_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
+                .image(image)
+                .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
+                .format(surface_format.format)
+                .components(vk::ComponentMapping {
+                    r: vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY,
+                    g: vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY,
+                    b: vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY,
+                    a: vk::ComponentSwizzle::IDENTITY,
+                })
+                .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
+                    aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
+                    base_mip_level: 0,
+                    level_count: 1,
+                    base_array_layer: 0,
+                    layer_count: 1,
+                });
+            let view = unsafe { device.raw().create_image_view(&create_info, None)? };
+            image_views.push(view);
+        }
+        */
+
+        Ok((swapchain, surface_format, extent, image_views))
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Create Depth Resources ---
+    fn create_depth_resources(
+        device: &Arc<Device>,
+        resource_manager: &Arc<ResourceManager>,
+        extent: vk::Extent2D,
+        depth_format: vk::Format,
+    ) -> Result<(ImageHandle, vk::ImageView), RendererError> {
+        let image_create_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo::default()
+            .image_type(vk::ImageType::TYPE_2D)
+            .extent(vk::Extent3D {
+                width: extent.width,
+                height: extent.height,
+                depth: 1,
+            })
+            .mip_levels(1)
+            .array_layers(1)
+            .format(depth_format)
+            .tiling(vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL)
+            .initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
+            .usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT)
+            .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
+            .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
+
+        let handle = resource_manager.create_image(&image_create_info, MemoryLocation::GpuOnly)?;
+
+        // Get the vk::Image handle to create the view
+        let image_info = resource_manager.get_image_info(handle)?;
+
+        let view_create_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
+            .image(image_info.image)
+            .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
+            .format(depth_format)
+            .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
+                aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::DEPTH,
+                base_mip_level: 0,
+                level_count: 1,
+                base_array_layer: 0,
+                layer_count: 1,
+            });
+
+        let view = unsafe { device.raw().create_image_view(&view_create_info, None)? };
+
+        Ok((handle, view))
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Create Triangle Pipeline ---
+    fn create_triangle_pipeline(
+        device: &Arc<Device>,
+        color_format: vk::Format,
+        depth_format: vk::Format,
+    ) -> Result<(vk::PipelineLayout, vk::Pipeline), RendererError> {
+        // --- Shaders (Hardcoded example) ---
+        // Vertex Shader (GLSL) - outputs clip space position based on vertex index
+        /*
+        #version 450
+        vec2 positions[3] = vec2[](
+            vec2(0.0, -0.5),
+            vec2(0.5, 0.5),
+            vec2(-0.5, 0.5)
+        );
+        void main() {
+            gl_Position = vec4(positions[gl_VertexIndex], 0.0, 1.0);
+        }
+        */
+        // Fragment Shader (GLSL) - outputs solid orange
+        /*
+        #version 450
+        layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
+        void main() {
+            outColor = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0); // Orange
+        }
+        */
+
+        // Load compiled SPIR-V (replace with actual loading)
+        let vert_shader_code = include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/shaders/vert.glsl.spv")); // Placeholder path
+        let frag_shader_code = include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/shaders/frag.glsl.spv")); // Placeholder path
+
+        let vert_module = Self::create_shader_module(device, vert_shader_code)?;
+        let frag_module = Self::create_shader_module(device, frag_shader_code)?;
+
+        let main_function_name = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"main\0").unwrap();
+
+        let vert_stage_info = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
+            .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
+            .module(vert_module)
+            .name(main_function_name);
+
+        let frag_stage_info = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
+            .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
+            .module(frag_module)
+            .name(main_function_name);
+
+        let shader_stages = [vert_stage_info, frag_stage_info];
+
+        // --- Fixed Function State ---
+        let vertex_input_info = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::default(); // No vertex buffers/attributes
+
+        let input_assembly = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_LIST)
+            .primitive_restart_enable(false);
+
+        let viewport_state = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .viewport_count(1) // Dynamic viewport
+            .scissor_count(1); // Dynamic scissor
+
+        let rasterizer = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .depth_clamp_enable(false)
+            .rasterizer_discard_enable(false)
+            .polygon_mode(vk::PolygonMode::FILL)
+            .line_width(1.0)
+            .cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::NONE) // Draw front face
+            .front_face(vk::FrontFace::CLOCKWISE) // Doesn't matter for hardcoded triangle
+            .depth_bias_enable(false);
+
+        let multisampling = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .sample_shading_enable(false)
+            .rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1);
+
+        let depth_stencil = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .depth_test_enable(true)
+            .depth_write_enable(true)
+            .depth_compare_op(vk::CompareOp::LESS)
+            .depth_bounds_test_enable(false)
+            .stencil_test_enable(false);
+
+        let color_blend_attachment = vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::default()
+            .color_write_mask(vk::ColorComponentFlags::RGBA)
+            .blend_enable(false); // No blending for opaque triangle
+
+        let color_blending = vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::default()
+            .logic_op_enable(false)
+            .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&color_blend_attachment));
+
+        let dynamic_states = [vk::DynamicState::VIEWPORT, vk::DynamicState::SCISSOR];
+        let dynamic_state =
+            vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo::default().dynamic_states(&dynamic_states);
+
+        // --- Pipeline Layout ---
+        let layout_info = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::default(); // No descriptors/push constants
+        let pipeline_layout = unsafe {
+            device
+                .raw()
+                .create_pipeline_layout(&layout_info, None)
+                .map_err(RendererError::PipelineLayoutCreation)?
+        };
+
+        // --- Dynamic Rendering Info ---
+        let mut pipeline_rendering_info = vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo::default()
+            .color_attachment_formats(std::slice::from_ref(&color_format))
+            .depth_attachment_format(depth_format);
+
+        // --- Graphics Pipeline ---
+        let pipeline_info = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::default()
+            .stages(&shader_stages)
+            .vertex_input_state(&vertex_input_info)
+            .input_assembly_state(&input_assembly)
+            .viewport_state(&viewport_state)
+            .rasterization_state(&rasterizer)
+            .multisample_state(&multisampling)
+            .depth_stencil_state(&depth_stencil)
+            .color_blend_state(&color_blending)
+            .dynamic_state(&dynamic_state)
+            .layout(pipeline_layout)
+            // No render pass needed with dynamic rendering!
+            .push_next(&mut pipeline_rendering_info); // Chain dynamic rendering info
+
+        let pipeline = unsafe {
+            device
+                .raw()
+                .create_graphics_pipelines(vk::PipelineCache::null(), &[pipeline_info], None)
+                .map_err(|(_, e)| RendererError::PipelineCreation(e))?[0] // Get the first pipeline from the result Vec
+        };
+
+        // --- Cleanup Shader Modules ---
+        unsafe {
+            device.raw().destroy_shader_module(vert_module, None);
+            device.raw().destroy_shader_module(frag_module, None);
+        }
+
+        Ok((pipeline_layout, pipeline))
+    }
+
+    fn create_shader_module(
+        device: &Arc<Device>,
+        code: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<vk::ShaderModule, RendererError> {
+        // 1. Check if byte count is a multiple of 4 (Vulkan requirement)
+        let byte_count = code.len();
+        if byte_count == 0 {
+            // Handle empty shader code case if necessary, maybe return error
+            return Err(RendererError::ShaderCreation(
+                vk::Result::ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED,
+            )); // Or a custom error
+        }
+        if byte_count % 4 != 0 {
+            // This indicates an invalid SPIR-V file was loaded.
+            // Panicking here is reasonable during development, or return a specific error.
+            error!(
+            "Shader code size ({}) is not a multiple of 4 bytes! Check the .spv file generation.",
+            byte_count
+        );
+            // You could return an error instead of panicking:
+            return Err(RendererError::ShaderCreation(
+                vk::Result::ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED,
+            )); // Or a custom error like InvalidShaderData
+                // panic!(
+                //     "Shader code size ({}) is not a multiple of 4 bytes!",
+                //     byte_count
+                // );
+        }
+
+        // --- Alternative: Copying to Vec<u32> (Safest, but allocates/copies) ---
+        let code_u32: Vec<u32> = code
+            .chunks_exact(4)
+            .map(|chunk| {
+                u32::from_ne_bytes(chunk.try_into().expect("Chunk size is guaranteed to be 4"))
+            }) // Use from_le_bytes if SPIR-V endianness matters (it's LE)
+            .collect();
+        let code_slice_ref = &code_u32; // Use this slice below
+                                        // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        // 3. Create the shader module
+        let create_info = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&code_slice_ref); // Pass the &[u32] slice
+
+        unsafe {
+            device
+                .raw()
+                .create_shader_module(&create_info, None)
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    error!("Failed to create shader module: {:?}", e); // Add logging
+                    RendererError::ShaderCreation(e)
+                })
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Create Frame Sync Objects & Command Resources ---
+    fn create_frame_data(device: &Arc<Device>) -> Result<Vec<FrameData>, RendererError> {
+        let mut frames_data = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+        for _ in 0..MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT {
+            let image_available_semaphore = Semaphore::new(device.clone())?;
+            let render_finished_semaphore = Semaphore::new(device.clone())?;
+            let in_flight_fence = Fence::new(device.clone(), true)?; // Create signaled
+
+            // Create Command Pool
+            let pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::default()
+                .flags(
+                    vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::TRANSIENT
+                        | vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER,
+                ) // Allow resetting individual buffers
+                .queue_family_index(device.graphics_queue_family_index());
+            let command_pool = unsafe {
+                device
+                    .raw()
+                    .create_command_pool(&pool_info, None)
+                    .map_err(RendererError::CommandPoolCreation)?
+            };
+
+            // Allocate Command Buffer
+            let alloc_info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
+                .command_pool(command_pool)
+                .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
+                .command_buffer_count(1);
+            let command_buffer = unsafe {
+                device
+                    .raw()
+                    .allocate_command_buffers(&alloc_info)
+                    .map_err(RendererError::CommandBufferAllocation)?[0]
+            };
+
+            frames_data.push(FrameData {
+                command_pool,
+                command_buffer, // Stays allocated, just reset/rerecorded
+                image_available_semaphore,
+                render_finished_semaphore,
+                in_flight_fence,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(frames_data)
+    }
+
+    // --- Swapchain Support Helpers --- (Simplified versions)
+    fn query_swapchain_support(
+        physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+        surface: &Arc<Surface>,
+    ) -> Result<SwapchainSupportDetails, GfxHalError> {
+        unsafe {
+            let capabilities = surface.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(physical_device)?;
+            let formats = surface.get_physical_device_surface_formats(physical_device)?;
+            let present_modes =
+                surface.get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(physical_device)?;
+            Ok(SwapchainSupportDetails {
+                capabilities,
+                formats,
+                present_modes,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn choose_swapchain_format(available_formats: &[vk::SurfaceFormatKHR]) -> vk::SurfaceFormatKHR {
+        available_formats
+            .iter()
+            .find(|format| {
+                format.format == vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_SRGB // Prefer SRGB
+                    && format.color_space == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(&available_formats[0]) // Fallback to first available
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    fn choose_swapchain_present_mode(available_modes: &[vk::PresentModeKHR]) -> vk::PresentModeKHR {
+        available_modes
+            .iter()
+            .find(|&&mode| mode == vk::PresentModeKHR::MAILBOX) // Prefer Mailbox (low latency)
+            .unwrap_or(&vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO) // Guaranteed fallback
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    fn choose_swapchain_extent(
+        capabilities: &vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR,
+        window_width: u32,
+        window_height: u32,
+    ) -> vk::Extent2D {
+        if capabilities.current_extent.width != u32::MAX {
+            // Window manager dictates extent
+            capabilities.current_extent
+        } else {
+            // We can choose extent within bounds
+            vk::Extent2D {
+                width: window_width.clamp(
+                    capabilities.min_image_extent.width,
+                    capabilities.max_image_extent.width,
+                ),
+                height: window_height.clamp(
+                    capabilities.min_image_extent.height,
+                    capabilities.max_image_extent.height,
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- Helper: Find Depth Format ---
+    fn find_depth_format(
+        instance: &Arc<gfx_hal::instance::Instance>,
+        device: &Arc<Device>,
+    ) -> Result<vk::Format, RendererError> {
+        let candidates = [
+            vk::Format::D32_SFLOAT,
+            vk::Format::D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT,
+            vk::Format::D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,
+        ];
+        for &format in candidates.iter() {
+            let props = unsafe {
+                instance
+                    .ash_instance()
+                    .get_physical_device_format_properties(device.physical_device_handle(), format)
+            };
+            if props
+                .optimal_tiling_features
+                .contains(vk::FormatFeatureFlags::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT)
+            {
+                return Ok(format);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(RendererError::Vulkan(
+            vk::Result::ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+        )) // Or custom error
+    }
+}
+
+// --- Drop Implementation ---
+impl Drop for Renderer {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        info!("Dropping Renderer...");
+        // Ensure GPU is idle before destroying anything
+        if let Err(e) = self.device.wait_idle() {
+            error!("Error waiting for device idle during drop: {}", e);
+            // Continue cleanup regardless
+        }
+
+        // Cleanup swapchain resources (views, depth buffer, swapchain object)
+        self.cleanup_swapchain_resources();
+
+        // Drop egui renderer explicitly before allocator/device go away
+        // Assuming egui_renderer has a drop impl that cleans its Vulkan resources
+        // std::mem::drop(self.egui_renderer); // Not needed if it implements Drop
+
+        // Destroy pipelines
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .destroy_pipeline(self.triangle_pipeline, None);
+            self.device
+                .raw()
+                .destroy_pipeline_layout(self.triangle_pipeline_layout, None);
+        }
+
+        // Destroy frame data (fences, semaphores, command pools)
+        // Fences/Semaphores are handled by gfx_hal::Drop
+        // Command buffers are freed with the pool
+        for frame_data in self.frames_data.drain(..) {
+            unsafe {
+                self.device
+                    .raw()
+                    .destroy_command_pool(frame_data.command_pool, None);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Arcs (device, queue, resource_manager, surface, allocator) will drop automatically.
+        // ResourceManager's Drop impl should handle allocator destruction if needed.
+        info!("Renderer dropped.");
+    }
+}